The mass of any substance divided by the volume occupied by the substance. To be complete, the density given must be at a specified temperature because the density of any substance changes as temperature changes. Most substances have a continually increasing density as temperature decreases, except water (H20) at one temperature range. Follow the link below to find out more about the unique properties of water.
Fluid movement from high pressure areas to lower pressure areas. Newtonian Fluids can be thought of as always seeking to equalize pressure throughout the containment. If a pipe full of water has higher pressure on one end than the other end, then the water moves towards the low pressure end of the pipe by diffusion.
Centrifugal Pumps add energy into the fluid principally by means of increased velocity. This velocity increase causes an immediate pressure drop until the high velocity fluid is slowed down, transforming velocity energy into pressure energy.
When a substance is dissolved into a liquid the molecules of the dissolved substance are inter-spaced between the molecules of the liquid. Liquids at any given temperature and pressure have a specific maximum capacity to carry dissolved substances, this is called the saturation point. When the concentration of a dissolved substance approaches close to or exceeds the saturation point (supersaturated), substances can come out of solution when the liquid is disturbed or when pressure drops. When gasses come out of solution inside a pump efficiency falls, but the pump will not be damaged by this unless the amount of gas bubbles is extremely high, which is unlikely.
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A pump that continuously increases velocity of the fluid by means of a continuously rotating element called an impeller or propeller. All other types of pumps are called "Displacement" pumps.
The approximate Specific Speed range for commonly manufactured Roto-Dynamic pumps is roughly Ns = 350 - 28000.
Extreme pumps for special applications exceed the normal limits. The Space Shuttle has a roto-dynamic pump with Ns > 35000, but that pump has a life expectancy of only 7.5 hours.
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